2007 International Petroleum Encyclopedia

Friction affects so many aspects of daily life that most take it for granted. Arguably, mankind’s attempt to control friction dates back to the invention of the wheel. Friction Science and Technology: From Concepts to Applications, Second Edition presents a broad, multidisciplinary overview of the constantly moving field of friction, spanning the history of friction studies to the evolution of measurement instruments. It reviews the gamut of friction test methods, ranging from simple inclined plans to sophisticated laboratory tribometers.

This book contains comprehensive reviews on cutting-edge developments and future prospects of fluorine in bioorganic and medicinal chemistry. It is essential for researchers who want to take advantage of the use of fluorine in biomedical research, from rational drug design, theory and synthesis to the use of fluorine labels as probes in metabolic study, protein engineering, and clinical diagnosis.

The handbook offers a unique combination of comprehensive chromatograms, mass spectral data, and analytical data in addition to environmental perspectives and regulations issued by the FDA, USEPA, EU agencies, and other groups. Unlike other resources that focus on the selection of performance-enhancing additives, this book provides the information and techniques needed to extract, identify, and quantify additives in finished goods using common and readily available laboratory techniques. This makes it an ideal reference for monitoring plastics for regulatory or internal compliance applications as well as for using analysis to troubleshoot, develop, or improve upon application-specific compounding practices and processes.

Along with exercises and references, each chapter contains a theoretical description of process units followed by numerous examples that are solved step by step via hand calculations and computer simulation using Hysys/Unisim, PRO/II, Aspen Plus, and SuperPro Designer. Adhering to the Accreditation Board for Engineering and Technology (ABET) criteria, the book gives students the tools needed to solve real problems involving thermodynamics and fluid-phase equilibria, fluid flow, material and energy balances, heat exchangers, reactor design, distillation, absorption, and liquid–liquid extraction.

The author pays particular attention to the general environmental factors that influence the reactivity of individual amino acid residues. He presents techniques for the characterization of modified proteins, including mass spectrometry, and includes increased coverage of spectroscopic techniques and crystallographic analyses. This is followed by coverage of nitrosylation reactions and other non-enzymatic modification processes. Specific reference is given to the differential labeling of protein functional groups with reagents labeled with stable isotopes. Resources include a list of current journals that publish site-specific chemical modification studies, the most commonly used reagents and their properties, and a contact list of reagent suppliers.